Transmission Lines Help Index

Application structure:

Application overview

Units

Entries

TRL capabilities

Data log

Metalization

Media configurations:

Microstrip Transmission Line

Edge-Coupled Symmetric Microstrip Transmission Lines

Stripline Transmission Line

Edge-Coupled Stripline Transmission Line

Coaxial Cable

Commands:

File menu

Edit menu

Structure menu

View menu

Window menu

Help menu


application description
Application Overview

The Transmission Line (TRL) designer is an analysis and synthesis tool for single and coupled transmission lines. The tool provides dialog based data entry and results as well as log output for sweep data.  The analysis algorithms are shared by the circuit simulator while synthesis algorithms make use of closed-form equations whenever possible for computation efficiency.

The Transmission Line Designer, supported by a 32-bit engine, gives the user the following capabilities:

1. 	Several different or same media configurations can be opened simultaneously;

1. 	All windows are independently resizable, having minimized and maximized buttons;

1. 	Windows can be cascaded or tiled using Windows menu items;

1. 	You can toggle between windows by holding down the Ctrl key and pressing Tab;

1. 	Dockable and resizable toolbars allow you to choose the media configuration or menu options;

1. 	Tool tips (bubble text) identify the functionality of the toolbar buttons;

1. 	Toolbars may be turned on or off by setting one of the options on the View menu;

1. 	Print preview allows you to preview pages before printing in order to determine which pages you wish to print;

1. 	Online help is available to guide you through each TRL session by pressing F1;

1. 	The Help button on the main toolbar allows you to get a full description of the current media configuration or menu item;

1. 	An Auto Calculate function allows you to specify whether calculations should be rerun automatically whenever any of the media values are changed, or only run when you specifically request that synthesis or analysis be run. This feature is implemented for all dimensions and electrical properties of the transmission line as well as for frequency;

1. 	Your latest media configuration with the data entered as well as the size and location of the window is preserved upon exit and will serve as the starting point for your next session;

1. 	The Add new metal dialog box can be used to add new metal to the existing library. Each layer has its own “reset” button.


The TRL utility is used to analyze and synthesize single and coupled transmission lines realized in the media listed below. In addition, it allows the results for many of these transmission lines to be exported directly to your schematic as well as allowing the associated substrate to be placed on the schematic. Table 2-1 indicates which transmission lines and associated substrates are exportable.

Table 2-1  –  Media Configuration

	Exportable
	TRL	SUB
Microstrip	Y	Y
Edge-Coupled Symmetric Microstrip	Y	Y
Stripline	Y	Y
Edge-Coupled Stripline	Y	Y
Coaxial Cable	Y	Y
Starting Transmission Line Synthesis

The Transmission Line Designer can be started by selecting Tools > Transmission Lines from the pull-down menu. A Transmission Line window will appear which prompts you through a Transmission Line synthesis session.

Windows and Dialogs

•	Whenever you place the cursor over a toolbar button, a tool tips description appears describing the button.

•	The toolbars are dockable and resizable.

•	A rendition of the selected transmission line configuration and relevant dimensions is displayed at the center of the window.

•	Dimensions of the line are arranged on the left, electrical parameters on the right.

•	For your convenience, two identical dialog boxes are provided for frequency selection. The number entered in one of them instantly appears in the second. Depending on which box you change as well as the status of the Auto Calculate button (see below), either synthesis or analysis may run automatically.

•	The Reset button immediately below the picture resets all the data when you click it.


The Auto Calculate button immediately below the picture is a toggle with two states:

•	Auto Calculate ON – the program automatically runs the calculations each time you update dimensions, electrical parameters or frequency.

•	If you change electrical parameters or the number in the Frequency dialog box located next to the Synthesis button, the program performs synthesis of the transmission line.

•	If you change dimensions or the number in the Frequency dialog box located next to the Analysis button, the program performs analysis of the transmission line.

•	Auto Calculate OFF – You must click the Synthesis or Analysis buttons to run the desired calculations after changing values.

•	Common data and selections are in the lower right side of the window. The substrate section has two sub sections for required and optional data.

•	The Units section has drop down dialog boxes for selection of the units for dimensions and frequency and displays the units for Impedance, Electrical length and Resistivity.

•	An area is provided for defining Metalization parameters – see the Conductor Composition topic which follows.

•	Sweep results are shown in an Output window (lower left) which is used to log the simulation session. The same data is stored into the session log file which is indicated at the beginning of the session.

Sweep results are shown in an Output window which is used to log the simulation session. The same data is stored into the session log file which is indicated at the beginning of the session.

Setting Substrate Name

When you are in the Transmission Lines tool and select File > Set Substrate Name (or click on the icon), a dialog will appear which allows you to define a substrate name. This name is used to link Transmission lines with substrate types; The naming process works as follows:

• συβστρατε (see below), the label for that substrate will be the name you last entered regardless of how many substrates you export to the schematic and regardless of whether the checkbox is checked. Therefore, you should select Set Substrate Name and enter a new name prior to exporting each unique substrate. By default, the name is sub.

•	When you export a Transmission Line (see below), a substrate name will be associated with it, sub by default unless you’ve changed the name since invoking the Transmission Lines tool. Once you decided to change the name, the check box in the dialog becomes a factor as follows:

•	If the checkbox was checked when you changed the name, the new substrate name will be associated with all Transmission lines of all types which are exported from that time forward until you again select Set Substrate Name and enter a new name.

•	If the checkbox was NOT checked when you changed the name, the new substrate name will be associated only with the specific transmission line type which was selected at the time you changed the name.

Exporting Transmission Lines (TRL) and Substrates

Exporting Transmission Lines

Once you have designed a transmission line using this tool, you may select File > Export TRL or click on the icon. Serenade will return to the schematic where you may move the TRL image to the desired position, then click the mouse to affix it at a position. The Transmission Line tool remains open in the background and you may switch back to it to place another Transmission Line or design a new Transmission Line.

Exporting a Substrate

Once you have designed and named a substrate using this tool, you may select
File > Export Substrate or click on the  icon. Serenade will return to the schematic where you may move the Substrate image to the desired position, then click the mouse to affix it at a position. The Transmission Line tool remains open in the background and you may switch back to it to design another substrate if necessary.


application description
Units.

All data except for the Electrical length may be specified with unit modifiers. Such unit specification overrides the global units selections for the respective field only. Global units may be defined using the Units group selections for physical dimensions and frequency. Data entries without units are interpreted using the appropriate global units. The available units are listed below:

Physical Dimensions:

Unit	Code
Meters	m
Centimeters	cm
Millimeters	mm
Micrometers	um
Angstroms	A
Inches	in
Mils	mil
Microinches	uin

Frequency:

Unit	Code
Hertz	Hz
Kilohertz	KHz
Megahertz	MHz
Gigahertz	GHz


application description
Entries

Sweep entries:

Line width(s), gap spacing and frequency may be analyzed over a list of values. This is accomplished by entering 3 values for the respective parameter, comprising a start value, a stop value and a step value. Such parameters are swept during analysis from the start value to the stop value using the step increments. The following entry for example defines a frequency sweep:

1GHZ, 5GHZ, 500MHZ or 1 5 .5 with GHZ selected as a global frequency unit.

Results of sweep analysis are displayed in the Output window and saved in the log file. Physical to electrical length transformation is disabled during sweep analysis.

Mandatory entries:

Certain data is required for simulation of each structure. The respective fields are highlighted if mandatory entries are omitted. The tables given for each media type documents which parameters are required.

Some physical dimensions have default values. Those initializations are represented in the following Media Parameters section and the Output window during analysis.


application description
TRL Capabilities

The complete analysis and synthesis capabilities of TRL are summarized in the table below. The following keywords are used in the pull down menus to abbreviate the function and media types.

ANA	analysis
SYN	synthesis
CPL	edge-coupled lines
TRL	single transmission line
	Single Line	Coupled Lines
Medium	Capability	Keyword	Capability
Microstrip	ANA/SYN	CPL	ANA/SYN
Stripline	ANA/SYN	CPL	ANA/SYN
Coaxial	ANA/SYN


data log
TRL Data log

Both the Output window and the log file contain all the relevant data that was used to select and dimension the structure as well as the associated results. The log file is one for the session and would capture the entries and the result of the calculations for all of the opened documents - windows. In addition, they contain sweep results that are produced when one or more parameters are swept during analysis. Refer to the Sweep Entries section above.


metal
Metalization and Conductor Composition

Conductor metalizations are selected from the Metalization group in the Main window. The None selection corresponds to an ideal conductor with zero thickness. One to three metalization overlay layers can be specified by selecting the appropriate option, metal types and thickness.

If the metal you desire to use as part of the conductor is not on the list, simply press the Add new metal button and specify the metal name, metal code and resistivity in the control boxes of the pop-up dialog box. The entries will be on the list of the drop-down Metal name dialog box. The information of the new metal will be saved in the TRL.ini file and available from that moment on. This allows you to build a library of conductors. This file can be copied from one computer to another if necessary. The resistivity value has to be in [micro-Ohm * cm]. Each layer of the conductor composition could be reset individually with the corresponding Reset button.

METAL CODES AND RESISTIVITIES TABLE

Material	Metal Code	Resistivity (ohm-cm)	Material	Metal Code	Resistivity (ohm-cm)
aluminum	AL	2.65	rhodium	RH	4.51
chromium	CR	18 **	rolled copper	RC	1.673 ***
copper	CU	1.673	silver	AG	1.59
gold	AU	2.44 *	super conductor	SC	0
indium	IN	15.52	tantalum	TA	15.52
iridium	IR	5.30	tantalum nitride	TN	2.50
iron	FE	9.66	tin	SN	11.55
magnesium	MG	4.45	titanium	TI	55.0
molybdenum	MO	5.69	tungsten	W	5.6
nickel	NI	8.707	zinc	ZN	5.68
palladium	PD	10.69	zirconium	ZR	4.10
platinum	PT	10.62

* Resistivity correction is applied when the metallization thickness is less than 0.03 μm.

**Resistivity correction is applied when the thickness is less than 0.1 μm.

***Thickness of rolled copper is given in ounces of copper (1 oz = 0.00135 in.).

Material resistivities not listed above may be entered by replacing the metal code with a resistivity value in μΩ × cm].

Rolled-copper, RC, is a special case; the thickness is specified in terms of ounces of copper rather than the actual thickness (see the fourth example in the Examples section below).

NOTE	If metalization material is specified but the conductor thickness is not specified, then the conductor loss will be zero.

Metalization surface roughness, RGH, can be specified for additional conductor loss calculations due to a non-ideal metal surface. RGH is specified as the RMS variation from an ideal flat surface (in units of length). RGH appears in the substrate group in each media window.Error! Reference source not found.


File menu commands

The File menu offers the following commands:

New	Creates a new document.
Close	Closes an opened document.
Save	Saves an opened document using the same file name.
Save As	Saves an opened document to a specified file name.
Print	Prints a document.
Print Preview	Displays the document on the screen as it would appear printed.
Print Setup	Selects a printer and printer connection.
Exit	Exits TRL.


Edit menu commands

The Edit menu offers the following commands:

Undo	Reverse previous editing operation.
Cut	Deletes data from the document and moves it to the clipboard.
Copy	Copies data from the document to the clipboard.
Paste	Pastes data from the clipboard into the document.


Structure menu commands

The Structure menu offers the following commands:

Microstrip -> single	Creates a document with microstrip transmission line calculation capabilities.
Microstrip ->CPL	Creates a document with edge-coupled symmetric microstrip transmission line calculation capabilities.
Stripline->Single	Creates a document with stripline transmission line calculation capabilities.
Stripline->CPL	Creates a document with edge-coupled stripline transmission line calculation capabilities.
Coaxial Cable	Creates a document with coaxial cable calculation capabilities.


View menu commands

The View menu offers the following commands:

Toolbar	Shows or hides the toolbar.
Status Bar	Shows or hides the status bar.


Window menu commands

The Window menu offers the following commands, which enable you to arrange multiple views of multiple documents in the application window:

New Window	Creates a new window that views the same document.
Cascade	Arranges windows in an overlapped fashion.
Tile	Arranges windows in non-overlapped tiles.
Arrange Icons	Arranges icons of closed windows.
Split	Split the active window into panes.
Window 1, 2, ...	Goes to specified window.


Help menu commands

The Help menu offers the following commands, which provide you assistance with this application:

Help Topics	Offers you an index to topics on which you can get help.
About	Displays the version number of this application.


File New command
New command (File menu)

Use this command to create a new document in TRL.  Select the type of new file you want to create in the File New dialog box.

You can open an existing document with the Open command.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+N


File New dialog box

Specify the type of document you wish to create:

Microstrip -> single	Creates a document with microstrip transmission line calculation capabilities.
Microstrip ->CPL	Creates a document with edge-coupled symmetric microstrip transmission line calculation capabilities.
Stripline->Single	Creates a document with stripline transmission line calculation capabilities.
Stripline->CPL	Creates a document with edge-coupled stripline transmission line calculation capabilities.


File Open command
Open command (File menu)

Use this command to open an existing document in a new window.  You can open multiple documents at once.  Use the Window menu to switch among the multiple open documents.  See Window 1, 2, ... command.

You can create new documents with the New command.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+O


File Open dialog box

The following options allow you to specify which file to open:

File Name

Type or select the filename you want to open.  This box lists files with the extension you select in the List Files of Type box.

List Files of Type

Select the type of file you want to open:

<< List your application's file types here. >>

Drives

Select the drive in which TRL stores the file that you want to open.

Directories

Select the directory in which TRL stores the file that you want to open.

Network...

Choose this button to connect to a network location, assigning it a new drive letter.


File Close command
Close command (File menu)

Use this command to close all windows containing the active document.  TRL suggests that you save changes to your document before you close it.  If you close a document without saving, you lose all changes made since the last time you saved it.  Before closing an untitled document, TRL displays the Save As dialog box and suggests that you name and save the document.

You can also close a document by using the Close icon on the document's window, as shown below:


File Save command
Save command (File menu)

Use this command to save the active document to its current name and directory.  When you save a document for the first time, TRL displays the Save As dialog box so you can name your document.  If you want to change the name and directory of an existing document before you save it, choose the Save As command.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+S


File Save As command
Save As command (File menu)

Use this command to save and name the active document.  TRL displays the Save As dialog box so you can name your document.

To save a document with its existing name and directory, use the Save command.


Send command (File menu)

Use this command to send the active document through electronic mail.  This command presents a mail window with the active document attached to it.  You may then fill out the To: field, Subject: field, etc., and add text to the body of the message if you wish.  When you are finished you may click the "Send" button to send the message.


File Save As dialog box

The following options allow you to specify the name and location of the file you're about to save:

File Name

Type a new filename to save a document with a different name.  A filename can contain up to eight characters and an extension of up to three characters.  TRL adds the extension you specify in the Save File As Type box.

Drives

Select the drive in which you want to store the document.

Directories

Select the directory in which you want to store the document.

Network...

Choose this button to connect to a network location, assigning it a new drive letter.


File 1, 2, 3, 4 command
1, 2, 3, 4 command (File menu)

Use the numbers and filenames listed at the bottom of the File menu to open the last four documents you closed.  Choose the number that corresponds with the document you want to open.


File Exit command
Exit command (File menu)

Use this command to end your TRL session.  You can also use the Close command on the application Control menu.  TRL prompts you to save documents with unsaved changes.

Shortcuts

Mouse:	Double-click the application's Control menu button.

Keys:	ALT+F4


Undo/Can't Undo command (Edit menu)

Use this command to reverse the last editing action, if possible.   The name of the command changes, depending on what the last action was.  The Undo command changes to Can't Undo on the menu if you cannot reverse your last action.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+Z or

ALT-BACKSPACE


Redo command (Edit menu)


Cut command (Edit menu)

Use this command to remove the currently selected data from the document and put it on the clipboard.  This command is unavailable if there is no data currently selected.

Cutting data to the clipboard replaces the contents previously stored there.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+X


Copy command (Edit menu)

Use this command to copy selected data onto the clipboard.  This command is unavailable if there is no data currently selected.

Copying data to the clipboard replaces the contents previously stored there.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+C


Paste command (Edit menu)

Use this command to insert a copy of the clipboard contents at the insertion point.  This command is unavailable if the clipboard is empty.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+V


Structure Microstrip->single
Microstrip (Structure menu)

Microstrip Transmission Line:

Keyword	Default	Unit	Description
W	Req (Phys)	m	Conductor width
P	0	m	Physical length of transmission line
Z0	Req (Elec)	Ohm	Transmission line impedance
E	0	deg	Electrical length of transmission line
F	0	Hz	Analysis frequency
ER	Req		Relative dielectric constant
H	Req	m	Substrate thickness
HU	40×H	m	Cover height above substrate (default value has negligible effect)
TAND	0		Dielectric loss tangent
RGH	0	m	Rms surface roughness
MSAT	0	Gauss	Saturation magnetization (4pMs)
MREM	0	Gauss	Remnant magnetization (4pMr)
TANM	0		Magnetic loss tangent

Synthesis and Analysis:

For synthesis of microstrip transmission lines, the parameters Z0, H, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Synthesis button.  The width, W, will be computed.

For analysis, the parameters W, H, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Analysis button.  The impedance, Z0, will be computed.  The frequency will be used if entered, otherwise 0 Hz will be used in the calculation.

Conversion from electrical length, E, to physical length, P, can be performed by entering a value for E and the frequency, F.  Click on Synthesize to compute P.  Similarly, to convert from physical length to electrical length, enter a value for P and F and click on Analyze to compute E.

Dielectric Substrates:

A dielectric substrate is defined by the parameters H, ER, and TAND.  The substrate is assumed lossless unless TAND is specified and greater than zero.

Magnetic Substrates:

A magnetic substrate is defined when the MSAT and MREM parameters are given.  The demagnetized substrate case occurs when MSAT > 0 and MREM = 0 (default).  The partially magnetized substrate (including the fully magnetized, saturated, or latched substrate case) occurs when MSAT and MREM > 0, but MREM  MSAT.

The direction of magnetic bias is assumed to be in the direction of wave propagation; that is, perpendicular to the transverse field.

The magnetic loss tangent, TANM, can be specified to account for losses in the magnetic substrate.  It is similar to the dielectric loss tangent, TAND, and its loss is added to find the total loss of the substrate.

The minimum frequency of analysis must be greater than the gyromagnetic frequency:

f > 2.8 (MHz/Gauss) x MSAT (Gauss)

where the constant of 2.8 MHz/Gauss comes from the gyromagnetic ratio (g/2p).

References 23-25 document propagation on magnetic substrates.  In particular, the formulations by Pucel and Massé have been utilized in the program.

Conductor Metalization:

The selection of the conductor is performed in the Metalization group.  The conductor isn’t specified, in this case the conductor loss is zero and no thickness corrections are made to the propagation characteristics.  Up to three conductors of different metal and different thickness can be selected. Refer to the section on Metalization for further information.

Metalization rms surface roughness, RGH, can be specified for additional conductor losses due to imperfect metal surfaces.  RGH is specified in terms of rms variation from an ideal flat surface.

Sweep Options:

The parameters that can be swept for the microstrip transmission line are:

Frequency, F
Width, W

The order shown is the order used to generate output data when more than one parameter is swept simultaneously.  Refer to the section on Sweep Entries on page 6 for further information.

Limitations:

To maintain accuracy, the following limitations should be followed:

0.01  W/H  100

1  r  128


Structure Microstrip->CPL
Edge-coupled (Structure menu)

Edge-Coupled Symmetric Microstrip Transmission Lines:

Keyword	Default	Unit	Description
W	Req (Phys)	m	Conductor width
S	Req (Phys)	m	Spacing between conductors
P	0	m	Physical length of transmission line
Z0	Req (Elec Opt 1)	Ohm	Impedance of the coupled lines
K	Req (Elec Opt 1)	dB	Coupling coefficient (positive)
Zo	Req (Elec Opt 2)	Ohm	Odd-mode impedance of the coupled lines
Ze	Req (Elec Opt 2)	Ohm	Even-mode impedance of the coupled lines
E	0	deg	Electrical length of the coupled lines
F	0	Hz	Analysis frequency
ER	Required		Relative dielectric constant
H	Required	m	Substrate thickness
HU	40×H	m	Cover height above substrate (default value has negligible effect)
TAND	0		Dielectric loss tangent
RGH	0	m	Rms surface roughness

Synthesis and Analysis:

Two options exist for synthesis of coupled microstrip transmission lines:

1) Specify impedance, Z0, and coupling coefficient, K in dB.

2) Specify even-mode impedance, Ze, and odd-mode impedance, Zo.

The substrate parameters H, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Synthesis button.  The width of the microstrip lines, W, and the spacing between them, S, will be computed.  Also, the alternate electrical option set will be computed (e.g. if Z0 and K are entered, Ze and Zo will be computed).

For analysis, the parameters W, S, H, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Analysis button.  The electrical properties, Z0, K, Zo, and Ze will be computed.  The frequency will be used if entered, otherwise 0 Hz will be used in the calculation.

Conversion from electrical length, E, to physical length, P, can be performed by entering a value for E and the frequency, F.  Click on Synthesize to compute P.  Similarly, to convert from physical length to electrical length, enter a value for P and F and click on Analyze to compute E.

Dielectric Substrates:

A dielectric substrate is defined by the parameters H, ER, and TAND.  The substrate is assumed lossless unless TAND is specified and greater than zero.

Conductor Metalization:

The selection of the conductor is performed in the Metalization group.  The conductor isn’t specified, in this case the conductor loss is zero and no thickness corrections are made to the propagation characteristics.  Up to three conductors of different metal and different thickness can be selected. Refer to the section on Metalization for further information.

Metalization rms surface roughness, RGH, can be specified for additional conductor losses due to imperfect metal surfaces.  RGH is specified in terms of rms variation from an ideal flat surface.

Sweep Options:

The parameters that can be swept for the coupled microstrip transmission lines are:

Frequency, F
Width, W
Spacing, S

The order shown is the order used to generate output data when more than one parameter is swept simultaneously. Refer to the section on Sweep Entries on page 6 for further information.

Limitations:

To maintain accuracy, the following limitations should be followed:

0.01  W/H  100

1  r  128


Structure Stripline->Single
Stripline single (Structure menu)

Stripline Transmission Line:

Keyword	Default	Unit	Description
W	Req (Phys)	m	Conductor width
P	0	m	Physical length of transmission line
Z0	Req (Elec)	Ohm	Transmission line impedance
E	0	deg	Electrical length of transmission line
F	0	Hz	Analysis frequency
ER	Req		Relative dielectric constant
B	Req	m	Substrate thickness
TAND	0		Dielectric loss tangent
RGH	0	m	Rms surface roughness

Synthesis and Analysis:

For synthesis of stripline transmission lines, the parameters Z0, B, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Synthesis button.  The width, W, will be computed.

For analysis, the parameters W, B, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Analysis button.  The impedance, Z0, will be computed.  The frequency will be used if entered, otherwise 0 Hz will be used in the calculation.

Conversion from electrical length, E, to physical length, P, can be performed by entering a value for E and the frequency, F.  Click on Synthesize to compute P.  Similarly, to convert from physical length to electrical length, enter a value for P and F and click on Analyze to compute E.

Dielectric Substrates:

A dielectric substrate is defined by the parameters B, ER, and TAND.  The substrate is assumed lossless unless TAND is specified and greater than zero.

Conductor Metalization:

The selection of the conductor is performed in the Metalization group.  The conductor isn’t specified, in this case the conductor loss is zero and no thickness corrections are made to the propagation characteristics.  Up to three conductors of different metal and different thickness can be selected. Refer to the section on Metalization for further information.

Metalization rms surface roughness, RGH, can be specified for additional conductor losses due to imperfect metal surfaces.  RGH is specified in terms of rms variation from an ideal flat surface.

Sweep Options:

The parameters that can be swept for the stripline transmission line are:

Frequency, F
Width, W

The order shown is the order used to generate output data when more than one parameter is swept simultaneously.  Refer to the section on Sweep Entries on page 6 for further information.

Limitations:

Error less than 0.5% for W/B < 10.


Structure Stripline->CPL
Stripline  CPL (Structure menu)

Edge-Coupled Stripline Transmission Lines:

Keyword	Default	Unit	Description
W	Req (Phys)	m	Conductor width
S	Req (Phys)	m	Spacing between conductors
P	0	m	Physical length of transmission line
Z0	Req  (Elec,Opt 1)	Ohm	Impedance of the coupled lines
K	Req (Elec,Opt 1)	dB	Coupling coefficient (positive)
Zo	Req (Elec,Opt 2)	Ohm	Odd-mode impedance of the coupled lines
Ze	Req (Elec,Opt 2)	Ohm	Even-mode impedance of the coupled lines
E	0	deg	Electrical length of the coupled lines
F	0	Hz	Analysis frequency
ER	Required		Relative dielectric constant
B	Required	m	Substrate thickness
TAND	0		Dielectric loss tangent
RGH	0	m	Rms surface roughness

Synthesis and Analysis:

Two options exist for synthesis of edge-coupled stripline transmission lines:

1) Specify impedance, Z0, and the coupling coefficient, K in dB

2) Specify the even-mode impedance, Ze, and the odd-mode impedance, Zo

The substrate parameters B, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Synthesis button.  The width of the striplines, W, and the spacing between them, S, will be computed.  Also, the alternate electrical option set will be computed (e.g. if Z0 and K are entered, Ze and Zo will be computed).

For analysis, the parameters W, S, B, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the Analysis button.  The electrical properties, Z0, K, Zo, and Ze will be computed.  The frequency will be used if entered, otherwise 0 Hz will be used in the calculation.

Conversion from electrical length, E, to physical length, P, can be performed by entering a value for E and the frequency, F.  Click on Synthesize to compute P.  Similarly, to convert from physical length to electrical length, enter a value for P and F and click on Analyze to compute E.

Dielectric Substrates:

A dielectric substrate is defined by the parameters B, ER, and TAND.  The substrate is assumed lossless unless TAND is specified and greater than zero.

Conductor Metalization:

The selection of the conductor is performed in the Metalization group.  The conductor isn’t specified, in this case the conductor loss is zero and no thickness corrections are made to the propagation characteristics.  Up to three conductors of different metal and different thickness can be selected. Refer to the section on Metalization for further information.

Metalization rms surface roughness, RGH, can be specified for additional conductor losses due to imperfect metal surfaces.  RGH is specified in terms of rms variation from an ideal flat surface.

Sweep Options:

The parameters that can be swept for the edge-coupled striplines are:

Frequency, F
Width, W
Spacing, S

The order shown is the order used to generate output data when more than one parameter is swept simultaneously. Refer to the section on Sweep Entries on page 6 for further information.

Limitations:

To maintain accuracy, the following limitation should be followed:

T/B < 0.1 where T is the metal thickness


Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable(Structure menu)

Coaxial Cable:

Keyword	Default	Unit	Description
D	Req(Phys)	m	Diameter of the inner conductor
Do	Req(Phys)	m	Diameter of the outer conductor
P	0	m	Physical length of coaxial cable
Z0	Req(Elec)	Ohm	Characteristic impedance of coaxial cable
Er	Req		Relative dielectric constant
F	0	Hz	Analysis frequency
Tand	0		Dielectric loss tangent
RGH	0	m	Rms surface roughness
E	0	deg	Electrical length of coaxial cable

Synthesis and Analysis:

For synthesis of coaxial cable, the parameters Z0, D0 and ER must be entered prior to clicking the synthesis button. The inner diameter D will be computed.

For analysis, the parameters D, D0, and ER must be entered prior to clicking the analysis button. The characteristic impedance, Z0 will be computed. The frequency will be used if entered, otherwise 0 Hz will be used in the calculation.

Conversion from electrical length E, to physical length P, can be performed by entering a value for E and the frequency F. Click on Synthesis to computer P. Similarly, to convert from physical length to electrical length, enter a value for P and F then click on Analyze to compute E.

Dielectric Substrates:

A dielectric is defined by the parameters ER and TAND. The dielectric is assumed lossless unless TAND is specified and greater than zero.

Conductor Metalization:

The conductor loss is specified by the resistivity, metalization rms surface roughness RGH, and the dimensions of the cable.

Sweep Options:

The parameters that can be swept for the coaxial cable are:

Frequency,	 F

Inner diameter,	D

The order shown is the order used to generate output data when more than one parameter is swept simultaneously. Please refer to the section on sweep entries on page 6 for further information.

Limitations:

To maintain accuracy, the following limitations should be followed:

ER >= 1

DO  >  D


Toolbar command (View menu)

Use this command to display and hide the Toolbar, which provides quick mouse access to many tools used in TRL.  A check mark appears next to the menu item when the Toolbar is displayed.

See Toolbar for help on using the toolbar.


Toolbar

The toolbar is displayed across the top of the application window, below the menu bar.  The toolbar provides quick mouse access to many tools used in TRL,

To hide or display the Toolbar, choose Toolbar from the View menu (ALT, V, T).

Click	To

Open a new document.

Open an existing document.  TRL displays the Open dialog box, in which you can locate and open the desired file.

Save the active document or template with its current name.  If you have not named the document, TRL displays the Save As dialog box.

Print the active document.

Remove selected data from the document and stores it on the clipboard.

Copy the selection to the clipboard.

Insert the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point.

Reverse the last editing.  Note:  You cannot undo some actions.


View Status Bar Command
Status Bar command (View menu)

Use this command to display and hide the Status Bar, which describes the action to be executed by the selected menu item or depressed toolbar button, and keyboard latch state. A check mark appears next to the menu item when the Status Bar is displayed.

See Status Bar for help on using the status bar.


Status Bar

The status bar is displayed at the bottom of the TRL window.  To display or hide the status bar, use the Status Bar command in the View menu.

The left area of the status bar describes actions of menu items as you use the arrow keys to navigate through menus.  This area similarly shows messages that describe the actions of toolbar buttons as you depress them, before releasing them.  If after viewing the description of the toolbar button command you wish not to execute the command, then release the mouse button while the pointer is off the toolbar button.

The right areas of the status bar indicate which of the following keys are latched down:

Indicator	Description

CAP	The Caps Lock key is latched down.

NUM	The Num Lock key is latched down.

SCRL	The Scroll Lock key is latched down.


New command (Window menu)

Use this command to open a new window with the same contents as the active window.  You can open multiple document windows to display different parts or views of a document at the same time.  If you change the contents in one window, all other windows containing the same document reflect those changes.  When you open a new window, it becomes the active window and is displayed on top of all other open windows.


Cascade command (Window menu)

Use this command to arrange multiple opened windows in an overlapped fashion.


Tile command (Window menu)

Use this command to arrange multiple opened windows in a non-overlapped fashion.


Tile Horizontal command (Window menu)

Use this command to vertically arrange multiple opened windows in a non-overlapped fashion.


Tile Vertical command (Window menu)

Use this command to arrange multiple opened windows side by side.


Window Arrange Icons Command

Use this command to arrange the icons for minimized windows at the bottom of the main window.  If there is an open document window at the bottom of the main window, then some or all of the icons may not be visible because they will be underneath this document window.


Split Command (Window menu)

Use this command to split the active window into panes.  You may then use the mouse or the keyboard arrows to move the splitter bars.  When you are finished, press the mouse button or enter to leave the splitter bars in their new location.  Pressing escape keeps the splitter bars in their original location.


1, 2, ... command (Window menu)

TRL displays a list of currently open document windows at the bottom of the Window menu.  A check mark appears in front of the document name of the active window.  Choose a document from this list to make its window active.


Index command (Help menu)

Use this command to display the opening screen of Help.  From the opening screen, you can jump to step-by-step instructions for using TRL and various types of reference information.

Once you open Help, you can click the Contents button whenever you want to return to the opening screen.


Using Help command (Help menu)

Use this command for instructions about using Help.


About command (Help menu)

Use this command to display the copyright notice and version number of your copy of TRL.


Help Using Help Command
Context Help command

Use the Context Help command to obtain help on some portion of TRL.  When you choose the Toolbar's Context Help button, the mouse pointer will change to an arrow and question mark.  Then click somewhere in the TRL window, such as another Toolbar button.  The Help topic will be shown for the item you clicked.

Shortcut

Keys:	SHIFT+F1


Title Bar

The title bar is located along the top of a window.  It contains the name of the application and document.

To move the window, drag the title bar.  Note: You can also move dialog boxes by dragging their title bars.

A title bar may contain the following elements:

Application Control-menu button

Document Control-menu button

Maximize button

Minimize button

Name of the application

Name of the document

Restore button


Scroll bars

Displayed at the right and bottom edges of the document window.  The scroll boxes inside the scroll bars indicate your vertical and horizontal location in the document.  You can use the mouse to scroll to other parts of the document.


Size command (System menu)

Use this command to display a four-headed arrow so you can size the active window with the arrow keys.

After the pointer changes to the four-headed arrow:

1.	Press one of the DIRECTION keys (left, right, up, or down arrow key) to move the pointer to the border you want to move.

2.	Press a DIRECTION key to move the border.

3.	Press ENTER when the window is the size you want.

Note:  This command is unavailable if you maximize the window.

Shortcut

Mouse:	Drag the size bars at the corners or edges of the window.


Move command (Control menu)

Use this command to display a four-headed arrow so you can move the active window or dialog box with the arrow keys.

Note:  This command is unavailable if you maximize the window.

Shortcut

Keys:	CTRL+F7


System Minimize Command
Minimize command (application Control menu)

Use this command to reduce the TRL window to an icon.

Shortcut

Mouse:	Click the minimize icon [image] on the title bar.

Keys:	ALT+F9


Maximize command (System menu)

Use this command to enlarge the active window to fill the available space.

Shortcut

Mouse:	Click the maximize icon [image] on the title bar; or double-click the title bar.

Keys:	CTRL+F10 enlarges a document window.


Next Window command (document Control menu)

Use this command to switch to the next open document window.  TRL determines which window is next according to the order in which you opened the windows.

Shortcut

Keys:	CTRL+F6


Previous Window command (document Control menu)

Use this command to switch to the previous open document window.  TRL determines which window is previous according to the order in which you opened the windows.

Shortcut

Keys:	SHIFT+CTRL+F6


Close command (Control menus)

Use this command to close the active window or dialog box.

Double-clicking a Control-menu box is the same as choosing the Close command.

Note:  If you have multiple windows open for a single document, the Close command on the document Control menu closes only one window at a time.  You can close all windows at once with the Close command on the File menu.

Shortcuts

Keys: 	CTRL+F4 closes a document window

ALT+F4 closes the <<YourType>> window or dialog box


Restore command (Control menu)

Use this command to return the active window to its size and position before you chose the Maximize or Minimize command.


Switch to command (application Control menu)

Use this command to display a list of all open applications.  Use this "Task List" to switch to or close an application on the list.

Shortcut

Keys:	CTRL+ESC

Dialog Box Options

When you choose the Switch To command, you will be presented with a dialog box with the following options:

Task List

Select the application you want to switch to or close.

Switch To

Makes the selected application active.

End Task

Closes the selected application.

Cancel

Closes the Task List box.

Cascade

Arranges open applications so they overlap and you can see each title bar.  This option does not affect applications reduced to icons.

Tile

Arranges open applications into windows that do not overlap.  This option does not affect applications reduced to icons.

Arrange Icons

Arranges the icons of all minimized applications across the bottom of the screen.


View Ruler Command
Ruler command (View menu)


Choose Font Dialog
Choose Font dialog box


Choose Color Dialog
Choose Color dialog box


Edit Find Command
Find command (Edit menu)


Find Dialog
Find dialog box


Edit Replace Command
Replace command (Edit menu)


Replace Dialog
Replace dialog box


Edit Repeat Command
Repeat command (Edit menu)

Use this command to repeat the last editing command carried out.  The Repeat menu item changes to Can't Repeat if you cannot repeat your last action.

Shortcut

Key:	F4


Edit Clear Command
Clear command (Edit menu)


Edit Clear All
Clear All command (Edit menu)


Next Pane Command
Next Pane


Prev Pane Command
Prev Pane


Modifying the Document

If your application supports multiple document types and you want to have a distinct help topic for each, then use the help context i.d. generated by running the MAKEHELP.BAT file produced by AppWizard.  Alternatively, run MAKEHM as follows:

makehm IDR_HIDR_,0x2000 resource.h

If the IDR_ symbol for one of your document types is, for example, IDR_CHARTTYPE, then the help context i.d. generated by MAKEHM will be HIDR_CHARTTYPE.

Note, AppWizard defines the HIDR_DOC1TYPE help context i.d. used by this help topic for the first document type supported by your application.  AppWizard produces an alias in the .HPJ file for your application, mapping HIDR_DOC1TYPE to the HIDR_ produced by MAKEHM for that document type. >>


No Help Available

No help is available for this area of the window.


No Help Available

No help is available for this message box.


File Print command
Print command (File menu)

Use this command to print a document.   This command presents a Print dialog box, where you may specify the range of pages to be printed, the number of copies, the destination printer, and other printer setup options.

Shortcuts

Toolbar:

Keys:	CTRL+P


Print dialog box

The following options allow you to specify how the document should be printed:

Printer

This is the active printer and printer connection.  Choose the Setup option to change the printer and printer connection.

Setup

Displays a Print Setup dialog box, so  you can select a printer and printer connection.

Print Range

Specify the pages you want to print:

All	Prints the entire document.
Selection	Prints the currently selected text.
Pages	Prints the range of pages you specify in the From and To boxes.
Copies

Specify the number of copies you want to print for the above page range.

Collate Copies

Prints copies in page number order, instead of separated multiple copies of each page.

Print Quality

Select the quality of the printing.  Generally, lower quality printing takes less time to produce.


Print Progress Dialog

The Printing dialog box is shown during the time that <<YourApp>> is sending output to the printer.  The page number indicates the progress of the printing.

To abort printing, choose Cancel.


File Print Preview command
Print Preview command (File menu)

Use this command to display the active document as it would appear when printed.  When you choose this command, the main window will be replaced with a print preview window in which one or two pages will be displayed in their printed format.  The print preview toolbar offers you options to view either one or two pages at a time; move back and forth through the document; zoom in and out of pages; and initiate a print job.


Print Preview toolbar

The print preview toolbar offers you the following options:

Print

Bring up the print dialog box, to start a print job.

Next Page

Preview the next printed page.

Prev Page

Preview the previous printed page.

One Page / Two Page

Preview one or two printed pages at a time.

Zoom In

Take a closer look at the printed page.

Zoom Out

Take a larger look at the printed page.

Close

Return from print preview to the editing window.


File Print Setup command
Print Setup command (File menu)

Use this command to select a printer and a printer connection.  This command presents a Print Setup dialog box, where you specify the printer and its connection.


Print Setup dialog box

The following options allow you to select the destination printer and its connection.

Printer

Select the printer you want to use.  Choose the Default Printer; or choose the Specific Printer option and select one of the current installed printers shown in the box.  You install printers and configure ports using the Windows Control Panel.

Orientation

Choose Portrait or Landscape.

Paper Size

Select the size of paper that the document is to be printed on.

Paper Source

Some printers offer multiple trays for different paper sources.  Specify the tray here.

Options

Displays a dialog box where you can make additional choices about printing, specific to the type of printer you have selected.

Network...

Choose this button to connect to a network location, assigning it a new drive letter.


File Page Setup Command
Page Setup command (File menu)

<< Write application-specific help here. >>


Update command
Update command (File menu)

<< Write a topic here that discusses the Update command. >>


Save Copy As... command
Save Copy As... command (File menu)

<< Write a topic here that discusses the Save Copy As... command. >>


Embedded Object Resize Bar

<< Write a topic here that discusses the embedded object resize bar. >>